Freudian Theory in “Lord of the Flies” Essay

â€Å"The Lord of the Flies† by William Golding is a social experiment with a twist. It is executed by isolating young boys on a deserted island. They arrive on the island because their airplane was shot down while they were trying to escape a bombing in England. The boys are young so they have not been completely molded by society; therefore they have room to deviate quickly. The isolation removes the blinders of civilization and the true identity of the boys and human nature is revealed. If the reader uses a Freudian approach to reading the novel one will find that Golding’s characters and conflicts follow Freud’s theories of the id, ego, and superego, thus making them more understandable. Studying the Freudian theory allows one to see Jack as the id, Ralph as the ego, Piggy and Simon as the superego, and why they clash. The famous psychologist Sigmund Freud developed a theory that uses people’s personality traits to classify them into three different categories of id, ego, and superego. Although every person contains all three of the forces, one can dominates. â€Å"For Freud, we are simply actors in the drama of our minds, pushed by desire, pulled by conscience† (Understanding the Id, Ego, and Superego in Psychology). This theory allows one to realize that people tend to exhibit behaviors of their category. The id is the primal force of desires and needs. Impulse is controlled by the id. It can be compared to the devil on the shoulder of cartoon characters, and Mr. Hyde. Some people do not keep the id in check so it dominates their personality. Signs of the id are forceful speech, physical expression, and emotional outbursts. Read more:  Ralph quotes lord of the flies essay The ego is the mediator between the id, the superego, and the external world. Ego is the negotiator between desires and morals. Negotiations with the id help it get what it wants without causing too much damage. It also tries to harness the power of the id to achieve things by regulating it. People that have ego personalities want to please everyone; they tell people what they want to hear. The superego is the moral judge and conscience. â€Å"While the ego negotiates with the id, trying to prevent another tantrum, the superego judges the performance† (Understanding the Id, Ego, and Superego in Psychology). Usually the superego’s morals and standards come from figures of authority or society. Most importantly the superego is not affected by impulse or others. Each of the characters in Lord of the Flies each embodies  a certain force which is why they can not work with each other. Jack is a boy who gets angry quickly, acts on his desires, has emotional outbursts, and enjoys hunting and killing, he obviously embodies the id. These traits are a result of the id not being kept in check inside of ones self. Blushing is a sign of Jack’s anger, which happens every time his pride is wounded; â€Å"Jack’s face disappeared under a blush of mortification† (Golding 23). Jack becomes angry so often because he does not censor his emotions. He always does whatever he feels like. The main things that Jack likes to do are hunt and kill. He is driven to do it and his â€Å"compulsion to track down and kill that was swallowing him up† (47). This is very primal and the desire to kill shows his lack of conscience. Since he becomes obsessed with hunting he also has a bloodlust. Sometimes Jack burst out in emotion some times happiness; â€Å"He [Jack] began to dance and his laughter became a bloodthirsty snarling† (Golding 58), and sometimes anger; â€Å"I’m going up the mountain. The words came from Jack viciously, as thought they were a curse† (Golding 119). Jack bursts out because he wants to make it known that he will do whatever he wants, and no one will get in his way. The biggest conflict caused by Jack clashing with the other forces is his separation from the tribe and the creation of his own faction. Jack cannot coexist with the other boys because of his id state. He does not want to be governed so he leaves; â€Å"I’m not going to be part of Ralph’s lot─ I’m going off by myself† (Golding 127). He leaves because his id was under constant scrutiny by the ego and superego of the tribe, so he acted on an impulse. This causes conflict because he takes almost all of the boys with him. Later the same boys kill Simon and Piggy, and hunt down Ralph. Although the id can be beneficial, without the checks from the other forces nothing productive or any long term good can come from it. Ralph is the islands leader he seeks the approval of every one, he is highly influenced by the superegos, he is the only one who can reason with the id, and he can use the id to his advantage, therefore he can be classified as the ego. The ego is the only mediator between id and superego. Ralph strives for the approval of the other boys. He says things that will make them look up to him; â€Å"He’s [Ralph’s father] a commander in the navy. When he gets leave he’ll come and rescue us† (Golding 13). He says things like this because he thinks if he does the boys will like him more. Some things that Ralph wants to do come from the suggestions of the superego; â€Å"The first thing we ought to have made was shelters down there by the beach† (Golding 45). This influence from the superego becomes Ralph’s goal. This happens because he is ego; the id would not heed the suggestions of the superego. Ralph is the only one who can negotiate with Jack, who is the id. When Jack does not become chief, Ralph negotiates and gives him the consolation of having an army of hunters; â€Å"The choir belongs to you of course. They can be an army─ Or hunters─ They could be† (Golding 23). He is able to make sure that the id does not go wild or revolt by offering it other choices. Ralph uses Jack to help him keep a fire; â€Å"We’ve got to have special people for looking after the fire. Any day there could be a ship out there.† â€Å"Ralph I’ll split up the choir my hunters, that is into groups, and we’ll be responsible for keeping the fire going† (Golding 43). Ralph is using the ego’s influence on the id to accomplish a goal. The gradual breakdown of the tribal assemblies is caused by Ralph being the ego. He is not assertive enough as a leader an d is overly concerned with the influence of the superego. He is also worried about what people think of him and if he is making them happy. The ego kept order on the island longer than it would have lasted if it was not present. Simon and Piggy are the only boys that bring morals and the values of society to the island, they act as the superegos. Piggy often reminds the boys of the grownups and the rules of where they came from; â€Å"What’s grownups going to think?† (Golding 84). He does this because his superego cannot stand rules being broken. He constantly reproaches their behavior and tries to invoke rules. Simon displays more of a moral value; â€Å"Then, amid the roar of bees in the afternoon sunlight, Simon found for [the littluns] the fruit they could not reach†¦[and] passed them back down to the endless, outstretched hands.† (Golding 51). He does what is thought of as good and right. He is superego but not in the way piggy is. Piggy’s superego conveys rules, Simon’s conveys morals. Piggy and Simon are both killed because they are superego. The id cannot tolerate the blocks of value set up by superego, so it seeks to destroy them. With the superegos out of the way the id has  more freedom to do what it pleases. The superego is vital for a functioning human or society, without it a breakdown will quickly begin to transpire. Golding’s characters clearly represent Freudian forces. Since each is a different force many conflicts arise. The conflicts would not necessarily have happened if the characters were not set into specific roles. This all makes sense because of the Freudian theory. Golding’s novel demonstrates that in order for civilization or a human to prosper there must be a balance of the Freudian forces. The island lacks a balance of desires, rules, and the pleasing others, which are an essential part of the functioning mind or society, thus the island breaks down. Works Cited: Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 1954 â€Å"Understanding the Id, Ego, and Superego in Psychology†. Dummies. Wiley Publishing, Inc. 5 Nov. 2005 â€Å"Ego, superego, and id†. Wikipedia. 5 Nov. 2005. Ayres, Robert. â€Å"Lord of the Flies Lecture†. Epic333. 5 Nov. 2005.

Interaction with teacher Essay

It was all what I wanted. It was what I dreamt of long before. But it was all taken for granted by the people around me. I was always the top student among all the six graders in our school, and due to that I am one of those whom they regards as their priceless gem because I always come up with something, like a new idea about a certain issue. I have been one of those sent for if there are contests. They say I act and think like an adult already. Not like any other regular students, I also happen to excel in sports and other curricular activities. I am also a runner. I have always been running on track since I was in grade three. I exerted much effort in it because it is my passion. Day after day I spend time in training and being exposed to tracks to win in future races but i never forget to maintain my good grades in my academics. In class, I have this very close teacher in Math. I also love Math at that time that is why I also like my teacher. It so happened that my Math teacher also happens to be our classroom adviser. Sometimes, after classes and I do not have any practice in the track, we always have chitchats and she would always advise me to pursue whatever dreams I have in mind and never to forget to remember the people around me that had help me in achieving things in life. She also told me not to be sidetracked and still give importance with my studies because that is the most important achievement in life. There were difficult times during my training but I still managed to persevere because I have a goal and that is to win. I never thought of quitting the training even how tired it gets. I continued to pursue my dreams and visions that one day I will reap my reward in due time if I will not fail and go frail. I can say that I am very determine and aggressive to reach my dreams that time. I think I just deserve every victory I get as i go along with my chosen path because of the diligence that I have manifested. Time came when I joined a race. Every people would know me would say that I have great chances of winning the first place because of my hard trainings and my trained skills. The event came and I was all set out to win the race but to my surprise, my coach talked to me in private and asked me not to win the first prize. I can be in second place or third place as long as I won’t be the champion. I was so devastated upon hearing this coming from my coach, my mentor, the one who served as my model. I wouldn’t know what to do. I was so troubled and kept thinking whether to agree and follow my coach or to go on the different way and achieve my dreams. It was the most difficult part of my life, to choose something that no one would be hurt. My conscience, my will to win and my loyalty to my coach we’re all fighting. What would I choose then? The event proper came, and the race started. I was on track and was leading. Many of my friends and families were all cheering for me. This made me more determined to go on faster and faster. The finish line is almost near when I remembered what my coach told me. My heart was beating as I saw the finish line. For the finish line would mean victory and success but for now, it meant devastation and tragedy for me. A few seconds before I reached the finish line I slowed down, giving the others opportunity to win. When I slowed down I noticed one girl who was always at my back during the track was now leading the race. Finally, the girl made it to the first place while I was the second placer. All my friends, families and relatives were all dismayed by what happened. They all expected that I would win the race. I was down and weary, to the point that it already affected my performance in school. I felt so ashamed and so coward for not fighting what is right. I have low self- esteem for quite some time and my grades got lower and lower. Then one Thursday afternoon, my Math teacher and classroom adviser called my attention. She and I talked in her office. I knew she was going to reprimand me for my poor performances at school. Well, at the back of my mind that time it was alright if she will reprimand me because I just deserve it. But to my surprise I was wrong, totally wrong. The moment I entered the room she smiled at me. Smile? Why would she smile to someone who is a loser? Then she offered me a seat. During those moments I am still very clueless on what would happen as we talk. Then she asked me if I am alright, so I said yes but I said it tears just fell on my eyes. She told me to be true to myself and whatever I feel I should share and let it out. So, I expressed my frustrations and everything that happened in the race. She told me that she understand why I was having low performances at school the past few weeks. But my life should not stop there. She told me that I am still very young and that many opportunities would still knock on my door and if that happens I should grab it immediately. She told me that everything happens for a reason and for a purpose that is to shape and mould us to become a much better person than what we are. She told me that my life should not end there because there is still so much in store for me in the future. Stubborn as I am, I told her that I do not want the future, what I want is now. She then answered me that I should live one day at a time and take one step at a time. With her words of wisdom, I was cheered. It really matters if you talk with someone who has a lot to say about life, like my teacher. I could not imagine that she would help me out because all along, I thought she was just a Math teacher, nothing more, but it was proven wrong. My teacher really touched my heart and transformed my life. After that talk, I started again and now with a positive outlook in life that no matter how I fall I should make a choice to rise up again. That was how I think even though I was just in sixth grade that time. Later it was found out that the father of the girl, who was the champion, paid my coach so that I won’t win at all. Imagine, all along my opponent knew that I was really something. They knew that I can really win the race that is why they were all threatened by my victory. I was a threat to everyone who was in the race that eventually made the father of the other girl bribe my coach to destroy my vision, my goals. But no matter how they put me down, the truth came out and it was on my side. Success, winning and victory are not about running a race after all. It is more of having a clear conscience that you made it that far because you never cheated, hurt anyone and stepped on other’s shoes for you own gain. I thank my teacher for the words of wisdom she has shared to me during the lowest point in my life. Teachers really do make a difference in this world. They are not just there to teach you academically but they are always there to support you and mould your being for you to become a better individual that every society dreams of having especially in this cruel world right now.

Personal Development: The skills needed to run the business successfully Essay

P3: Describe the skills needed to run the business successfully and what areas require further personal development In this task I would be describing some of the skill to run a business successfully and what areas require further personal development as this all important to have to be a good sole trader. Own Contribution This is one of the many important things to have to run a business well .This is because I am the manager of the business as the leader of the pack I would have to put extra time into the work , stay behind after work to complete extra work , give me staff extra training if they need it . These little things can help the business move forward faster and also it helps me as I know what I am doing is right for the business if I want the business to succeed. Technical/Operational Technical can be very useful as it save time and money. I am very skilful a using the computer I can fix problems very easily on the computer, I am also very good using the basic things like Microsoft word, PowerPoint and publisher this program is very useful as it lets me create leaflets which saves me money as I don’t have to ask another business to create leaflets for me as I know how it is done. I also know how to create a data base which is very helpful as it stores all the information. Product Knowledge Product knowledge is information that I know about my products, for example I have the product knowledge of salsa and knowledge of the product is how it’s made, ingredients and factors such as these. That is what product knowledge. This is important to me because I am the owner of the business I will need to know how to make them and how long to keep them heated or cold, furthermore another importance of knowing this skill is that if any customer’s asks about the product I should be able to tell them because they might be allergic to something m so if I know the product I could tell them information about the product. Management ability Management ability is a skill that a business owner should have in order to run a business also management ability requires controlling and organising  the business well, without management ability the business won’t go the right direction. This skill is important because without having any management skills, it will be hard to manage the business and organise it well also without this skill it will be hard to manage the other employees, and make sure all the bills and everything has been paid in order to have all these things done correctly you need have the management ability. Recording and checking business performance Recording and checking business performance is when the business checks on all the financials records and makes some records from other department too; furthermore this is when a person checks on the business making sure everything is going smooth without any errors. This skill is important because without checking your business performance you won’t know in which areas to improve on. If you don’t check your business performance you wouldn’t know what things are going wrong and right in the business and this will mean that you won’t know what to improve or change it the business. Personal selling Personal selling is having direct contact with my customers and also involves direct contact with the customers and assessing their needs and suggesting suitable product or service solutions, which would help the customer out. This skill is necessary for my business because I am a sole trader so having experience in this would help a lot because I will have to be selling desserts to my customers and making sure that they are satisfied with the product and service they are receiving. I don’t have personal experience in this skill and I will need to learn. Administration Administration is what provides support for businesses operations. This involves keeping records and communicating with external groups such as customers and suppliers by sending letters and invoices and arranging payment. This skill is necessary for my business because I will need it to keep the business organised and to make sure that things don’t go wrong. do not have personal experience in administration and need to gain some experience. Previous Experience I do have previous experience working for a restaurant however I was able to get some experience in how to talk to customers properly and in a polite way to make sure they are satisfied with the service/product that they are receiving. Strengths and weaknesses I have a couple of strengths and these are: I can take risks and good at IT. Taking risks will help me in my business because it is always good to take risks because without taking them you might never know, it could end up good for my business. An example is that I could invest more in better packaging for my customers that like having take-away because this will show them that my business is caring for the customers. However if I did not take that risk of investing a bit more in it, I would have never found out if it would work or not. My strength in IT will help me a lot because I will need this skill for creating cash flow forecasts and even a break even forecast. This will save me money because I would have to hire someone else to do it for me as I have the skills to do it. My weaknesses are that I don’t have any skills in administration yet.

A critical discussion of the , HRM and motivation of NHS Assignment

A critical discussion of the , HRM and motivation of NHS - Assignment Example Motivation is the desire that drives the employees of a specific firm to take part actively in the operations of the organization regardless of their happiness levels. It is also true that the NHS administrators have in the past used several strategies in an attempt to ensure that their employees remain motivated. Nonetheless, most of their approaches have fallen short, as a substantial percentage of the employees in question have not changed the attitude they have towards their responsibility. Based on various motivational theories like the Maslow hierarchy of needs; however, the National Health Service can come up with ideal approaches that can help them bring the best out of their employees as highlighted in the section below. The National Health Service (NHS) is definitely one of the organizations full of activity in Europe given that it is tasked with the responsibility of ensuring the well-being of citizens within the United Kingdom, Iceland, Wales and Scotland. In recent past however, the organization has been facing challenges within its Human Resource Department, mainly related to employee motivation. This report consequently aims to provide more information on the major motivational issues facing NHS as an organization, and some of the mechanisms that the establishment can employ in order to bring the best out of its work force. In handling the project, I settled on the National Health Service mainly because the organization has faced challenges to do with motivation in the recent past as well as that of change in the structure and organization of the institution. The National Health Service (NHS) is a combination of four different institutions that operate in England, Scotland, Wales as well as Northern Iceland, and share a common goal, which is to introduce a broad health and recovery package for both the prevention and treatment of health conditions (NHS website). The organization became operational way back in

Drilling in the ANWR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drilling in the ANWR - Essay Example This may be financially much more feasible to the country in general, but in the long term it can have some negative effects. This is because the drilling can cause a lot of problems to the natural habitat. The drilling will cause a damaged environment, one which can not be cured easily. Because of scarcity, choices have to be made on a daily basis by all consumers, firms and governments. For a moment, just have a think about the hundreds of millions of decisions that are made by people in your own country every single day. Take for example the choices that people make in the city of London about how to get to work. Over six million people travel into London each day, they have to make choices about when to travel, whether to use the bus, the tube, to walk or cycle – or indeed whether to work from home. Millions of decisions are being taken, many of them are habitual (we choose the same path each time) – but somehow on most days, people get to work on time and they get home too! This is a remarkable achievement, and for it to happen, our economy must provide the resources and the options for it to happen.† (Tutor 2 u) As the excerpt suggests that the government had the chance and job of making decisions and at times this can get very difficult. The government should have probably allowed for the exploration and the exploitation, however, should have also made sure that the habitat is preserved in the best way possible. These situations are pretty common for governments throughout the

Case study 4-2 Virtually There Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

4-2 Virtually There - Case Study Example Therefore the patients are able to draw on the knowledge of a lot of doctors. These doctors positioned in other locations can be acquainted with modern treatments or can have a new look on the treatment alternatives. The scenario outlines a real-time corporate shared data network. In this scenario, some of the other communication technology based facilities can comprise electronic repositories, electronic collaboration systems and video teleconferencing. In this answer I will present the possible ideas and suggestions which can be adopted by Dr. Esserman in order to successfully manage this virtual team. In order to successfully manage such team we need to take care of some the issues and areas, which are: (Turban, Leidner, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2005; Laudon & Laudon, 1999) Privacy/security: How will the privacy of patient’s data and information records are maintained? In a world which is more and more concerned with privacy, the privacy of patient records have to be addressed. Liability: Recognizing the extensive issues for medical malpractice, who will take the responsibility for problem cases? The students can react to physician who provides help as the preliminary point of contact; however it cannot be probable to consequently carefully restrict liability. Compensation: How will the project team associates be rewarded for their participation? For the team to effort over a long term, a number of systems will require to be planed to recompense the physicians for their time. As the quality of their contribution will carry on being significant for these virtual teams, there requires being a number of drivers for the physicians’ participation. Communication: How will the important data and information are communicated to the patient? Who will be accountable for up-holding the communication technology? Students can be worried about how the responsive information has to be

The Development of the American Public School Essay

The Development of the American Public School - Essay Example During early colonial years several laws were passed in favor of making education more common in society. The Massachusetts Education Law of 1647 was amongst those laws passed, requiring towns of fifty families to hire a schoolmaster who would teach their children to read and write (History, 2004). Additionally, towns of a hundred families were required to have a grammar schoolmaster, which created consistency in quality of education (History, 2004). It was at this point in our nation's educational history that formal schooling as we know it became more valuable, as well as desirable. Author Robin Cook stated, "Education is more than a luxury; it is a responsibility that society owes to itself" (Inspirational, 2003). Education became more of a social responsibility and educators were formally hired for the sole purpose of teaching the youth of a budding nation. Perhaps even more surprising, considering previous practice, is that they were paid to do so, either by the government or in dividual families (History, 2004). Formal schooling was becoming more of a personal responsibility and a priority taken seriously (History, 2004). The years following the new legislative direction, some families sent their children to "Dame" Schools, which were set up in the homes of women in the community. Dame schools were widely popular for those who were unable to send their children to the one room schoolhouses. These women had both the time and inclination to teach students of all ages and levels and worked in exchange for a meager allowance, such as food, miniscule stipends, or practical supplies (History, 2004). Also, traveling Schoolmasters traversed across states to various towns to educate the children in an effort to contribute to the dream of social harmony via knowledge and literacy. Usually, families of the community would take turns housing and feeding their schoolmaster for the duration of his stay. During the late 1700s and early 1800s, Thomas Jefferson's influence on American public education was astronomical. Though Jefferson is well known for the Declaration of Independence and his presidency, he also played a very large role in laying the ground work for the Public Schools system that we are fortunate to have today (Conant, 1962). According to Jefferson, "If a nation expects to be ignorant and free, in a state of civilization, it expects what never was and will never be" (Inspirational, 2003). In the late 1770s Jefferson served in the House of Delegates as part of the General Assembly of Virginia (History, 2004). While in the Assembly, he introduced a bill that would create a free system of tax-supported elementary education for all except slaves (History, 2004). He proposed the idea of free public education to take place over a period of at least 3 years for every white child. If parents wished to continue their child's education beyond 3 years time, they could then begin paying for it themselves (Conant, 1962). In September of 1817 Jefferson proposed the "Act for Establishing Elementary Schools". His plan was to have schools which were locally controlled and supported largely by local taxes. In a speech he gave Jefferson explained: At

How China and Japan reacted to the war on terror Essay

How China and Japan reacted to the war on terror - Essay Example The attack in US surprised the entire planet while simultaneously triggering some paradigm shifts throughout the globe, but the latest shift has not resulted in a situation that can be equated to that of the cold war period when the US paradigm was the model that was used by other nations (Seidler, 2013, p. 72). Tokyo’s population has been wondering whether a prolonged war on terrorism might obligate the prime minister to utilize his political capital to take part in the coalition to fight terrorism, thus leaving limited resources to address the nation’s economic issues. Recently, scholars at a seminar considered newer roles for four nations: the US, Japan, Russia and China, with all of them contributing through military and politically towards the war on terror (Borgu, 2004, p. 52). It is likely that the degree of meaningful cooperation between the nations in this strategic alliance will escalate out of necessity. The importance of China will increase and as a member o f the WTO and the UN Security Council as well as a GDP of 7 percent annually and experience in dealing with terrorism, China will most definitely be a strong partner. Additionally, the close relationships that China has with Pakistan will assist in keeping the Islamic nation in the coalition that is led by the US. The economy of China will benefit from the accession to WTO as resources will be allocated in a more efficient manner moving into the labor-intensive industries of China.

English Language Assessment and Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

English Language Assessment and Testing - Essay Example The test has an essential difference between the traditional grammar test for native speaker of English and the kind of structure test appropriate for the EFL/ESL learner. It is generally assumed that the native speaker of the language has mastered a grammatical system largely or wholly acceptable for informal discourse, grammar test at least on the high school and college levels have usually concentrated on matters of style and diction appropriate for rather formal written English. On the other hand, structure tests for foreign students will have as their purpose the testing and control of the basic grammatical patterns for the spoken language. Such tests would constitute no challenge for native speakers of Standard English, who, except for carelessness, would be expected to make perfect scores. Only for the most advanced foreign leaners are test of formal style and diction at all meaningful, and then they are better treated as tests of writing ability and kept quite separate from t he test of structure. The test devised includes the full range of structures that were taught in the course, and each structural type receives about the same emphasis in the test that it received in the classroom. The test contains two parts, in the first one (1-15), the student must select the most appropriate answers for the spaces to make grammatically correct sentences. Each item presents a context in which one or more words are missing, followed by several alternative completions. In the second part, the student must identify in each item one of the underlined words that is incorrect. Once identified, the student must circle it. Finally, I have discussed the principles of language testing in relation to the test I have designed. There are 20 questions in the test. They should constitute a total of 100 marks. This implies that each question should contain 5 marks. The table prepared should be followed in marking the test. Part.2: Specified Objective Reading Test English Language Assessment and Testing A. In the following questions (1-15), select the most appropriate answers for the spaces to make grammatically correct sentences. 1. George ____ in the library this morning. A. Is studying B. Study C. Usually study D. Are studying 2. Alice _______ the door please, it’s  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­_____ hot in here. A. Open, quite B. Opens, too C. Opened, extremely D. Will you open, terribly 3. Jacob’s hobbies include swimming, jogging, and ______. A. Play football B. Playing football C. To play football D. Football 4. The book was as _____ the movie. A. Interesting as B. More interesting C. As interesting like D. Very interesting 5. Who is ______, Brian or Pete? A. Tall B. Tallest C. Taller D. Is the tallest 6. Mr. Joseph advises that someone ____ the data immediately by email. A. Send B. To sent C. Should send D. Has to send 7. There are only ______ Birthday cards left in the store. A. A little B. A few C. Some D. Few 8. Almost all the Olympic athletes ___ __ for a couple of years before they became stars. A. Trained B. Had been training C. Undergone training D. Underwent training 9. Joshua likes silver coated watches, ______, he does not like diamond coated watches. A. But B. And C. So D. However 10. The school will upgrade _____ Physics laboratory next month. A. there B. their C. its D. it’s B. In the following sentences, one of the underlined words is incorrect. Identify and circle it. 11. Mr. John is telephoning British red cross for help. A. Mr. B. Is C. telephoning D. red

Bahasa Indonesia Essay Example for Free

Bahasa Indonesia Essay My Educational background, academic and extra curricular and work experience are as follows. I am currently pursuing an international Baccalaureate education in Sekolah Pelita Harapan in Tangerang Indonesia that is equivalent to a 2 year diploma. The courses I have undertaken include business management (Higher Level / HL), English A2 (HL), Theatre Arts (HL), Bahasa Indonesia A1 (SL), Mathematics (SL), and Environmental Systems (SL). I hope to score a distinction on my final exam. I have been involved in extra curricular activities since primary level these include theater arts where I have participated in plays like the Sandbox by Edward Albee, Shakespearean Monologues and the Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde. My key role has been in charge of costume design, setting and construction. I have been involved in painting and drawing, participated in music especially playing the piano as well as learnt Japanese language. I have participated in many sporting events during my school time and received awards such as fitness where I was awarded with gold equivalent to the international standard, hockey as goal keeper, ice-skating and become first runners-up and basketball. I also participated in the athletics where I become third winner. Apart from sports, during my leisure time I get engaged in charity work such as volunteer as English teacher in local orphanages and organize special events like in Christmas 2007. I have participated and coordinated the Indonesia’s 2007 charity walk where we raised money to help flood victims for purchase of medicine and personal effects. In addition am involved in Sunday school teaching. During my summer holidays I work in the family businesses dealing in supplying of merchandise to companies in Indonesia and in the printing firm contracted by large companies. I have learnt a lot of business skills from my family members especially dad and grand father. They have introduced me to the business world which makes me consider expanding my knowledge and skills that will make me better and productive. I am applying for consideration for admission to FIDM in the following majors’ i. e merchandise marketing, visual communication and business management. I am aware that FIDM offers all these majors. I believe I will be able to undertake these courses so that I can sharpen my skills. For instance in Merchandise marketing I would like to get knowledge and skills about planning, purchasing, promotion of merchandise, technology application, human resource development and critical thinking among others. In Visual communications am much interested in acquiring skills in visual presentation, exhibition and trade show design, retail display, store keeping, event planning, trend analysis and computer graphics. While in business management am quite excited if I get these chance to broaden my knowledge on entrepreneurship, financial management, human resource management and organization, global influence, involvement and management. I have considered this field of profession since my childhood. I have thought about it over and over again for a long time. Given the fact that I was born in business environment, my interest for really integrating fashion and business tickles me. Am persuaded this is the area of my interest and career fulfillment. The reasons for me to chose this college among all your other choices is that Fashion Institute of Design Merchandising (FIDM) is an institute that is reputed internationally in the fashion industry. It has experience of over 35 years in teaching with a unique nature by which the college delivers its curriculum such as being industry driven and practically oriented to the present development. The institute has a diverse community of students and staff from different backgrounds which gives opportunity for broader understanding of global issues. It has well equipped academic materials. This exposure will enhance my understanding of global issues and help me appreciate diversity. The other support services provided such as international student support classes, work experience, transfer offers, student resources and career development services and opportunities such as networking, graduate alumni and career placement after college are other important reasons I would like to attend FIDM than other colleges. I consider this college as a place where I can gain knowledge and skills to help me in my career goals and future plans. After I have completed my college studies I would like to pursue a career in fashion industry especially costume design, creativity and business management. I like watching fashion modeling events with a keen eye on creative design. I have intention of creating my own designs that I would like to be involved in and become one of the world fashion designers. The exposure I have gained from family businesses I have worked and knowledge I expect to gain from attending FIDM will surely enhance my entrepreneurship skills and ambition to own a fashion store business with wide collection of world fashion designs. I would like also to pursue my education to an advanced level so that I can train and nature talents in my country. I am convinced that this is where I want to go and make an impact in the fashion industry. REFERENCES Fashion Institute of Design and Management. (2008). Curriculum. Retrieved April 17, 2008 from http://www. fidm. edu/academics/majors/business-management/curriculum. html

Preventing Prolonged and Obstructed Labor

Preventing Prolonged and Obstructed Labor Prolonged labor and obstructed labor are major causes of maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality in india. One of the tools used to monitor labor and prevent prolonged and obstructed labor is the partograph, a single sheet printed paper on which labor observations are recorded. (Fistula care., 2011). The timing of interventions is the one of the crucial factors in active management of labor, whether these be amniotomy, augmentation, ceasarean section or transfer to a central unit. The maintenance of a partogram for the management of the labor helps to indicate, with its alert line and action lines, the optimum timing of these interventions and to clearly differentiate normal from abnormal progress in labor. The partogram could be used at all areas of obstetric care by basic care providers who are specially trained to assess dilatation of the cervix and when it used properly, helps to detect cases of abnormal labor without delay, thus allowing timely intervention. Partogram is a composite graphic record of cervical dilatation and descent of head against duration of labor in hours. It also provides information about fetal and maternal condition that are all recorded on a single sheet of paper. The modern partogram contains many relevant parameters related to labor, mother and the fetus. These parameters are cervical effacement and dilatation, descent of part which is present, fetal heart rate, duration and frequency of uterine contractions, color and quantity of amniotic fluid which is passed per vaginum, maternal parameters such as vital signs and drugs used during labour. This pictorial documentation of labor facilitates early recognition of poor progress. Plotting of cervical dilatation also enables prediction of the time of onset the recording of all relevant data on a single page, it facilitates the easy handing over of mothers, helps in early recognition of complications and highlights inefficient clinical practice. (James et al., 2001). The partogram is an observation chart that may be used to facilitate assessment of the progress of labor, including maternal and fetal well being. Historically progress is measured by linear progression along a prescribed time scale, whereby a curve of cervical dilatation is measured in centimeters plotted against time in hours (Friedman 1955), and descent of the head abdominally. Many modifications to the partogram have occurred, resulting in the introduction of alert line and action lines. Basically, the action line was 2 hrs to the right of the alert line, and augmentation instituted at this time. Once labor is confirmed as in the active phase, cervical dilatation is expected to progress at (Macdonald et al., 2011). An accurate record during labor provides the basis from which clinical improvements, progress or complications of the mother or fetus can be judged. For this reason the notes should be kept in chronological order. The maternity record is shared between the midwife and the obstetrician. The obstetrician makes notes of his or her findings, timing of visits and may prescriptions made. The same standards apply to all practitioners. The midwife usually enters the summary of labor and initial details about the baby. In recent years the partogram or partograph has been widely accepted as an effective means of recording the progress of labor. It is chart on which the salient features of the labor are entered in a pictorial form and therefore provides the opportunity for early identification of deviations from normal labour. (Fraser et al., 2007). The best clinical tool that diagnoses the poor progress of labor is the partogram (even in higher centers) and will always help in early detection of the abnormal labor. It is very handy, easy to use and easily reproducible too. The use of a partograph in labor was associated with reduction in prolonged labor and decreased caesarean section rate. Another advantage of the use of a partograph was improvements in fetal and maternal morbidity in a significant manner. (Kamini., 2011). The cervicograph is the pictorial representation of the cervical dilatation charted against the hours of labour. Studies have shown (Friedman and Sachtleben 1965 pearson 1981)that the cervical dilatation time of normal labor has a significant sigmoid curve which can be divided into two distinct parts such as the latent phase and the active phase. (Bennett et al., 2001). In some cases the partogram may allow space for a certain amount of comment but usually the midwife will keep a separate written account in which she records her observations of the women’s psychological condition and any other details not included on the graph. If any changes in the birth plan become necessary ,the midwife will note down how these were discussed with the women and her partner and with what outcome.In this way the women will feel involved in any decisions made, which encourages feelings of being in control and enhance the birth experiences. (Ali et al., 2010). The midwife can verify the progress of labor effectively through the use of graphic charts (partograms) on which one plot cervical dilation and station (descent), this type of graphic charting assists in early identification of deviations from expected labor patterns. (Lowdermilk, et al 1997 ). NEED FOR THE STUDY The latest available data on MMR india is 212 per 100,000 live births and IMR is 44 per 1000 live births. Out of 180 countries now india ia ranked 126 when countries are arranged in an ascending order for MMR and 45 out of 195 countries in IMR. (Petterson, 2004). The obstructed labor stands one of the five major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality in developing countries like india. About 4% and 70% of all maternal deaths is due to obstructed labour or rupture of the uterus, accounting to a maternal mortality rate as high as 410/100,000 live births. (S. Quenby et al., 2003). Introduction of partograph in the management of labor(WHO 1994) has reduced the incidence of prolonged labor and caesarean section. There is improvement in maternal morbidity, fetal morbidity and mortality. (Dutta., 2013). The development of the partograph (or partogram) provides a graphical overview of the labor to allow early identification and easy diagnosis of the pathological labor for health care providers. Emanuel Friedman was the first obstetrician who provide an accurate tool for the study of individual labours. In the 1970’s partographs starts getting popularity and today majority of delivery and labour units use them. A large number of literature shows that their correct use reduced the rates of prolonged labors and many complications which arises during labour. There is also a suggestion that the use of the partograph results in fewer surgical interventions such as Caesarean sections. Nowadays the electronic partographs are becoming popular and it can be made into medical records systems. The use of partographs is very common in hospitals. A study has been conducted on health care workers and midwives who works in delivery units of Nigeria found that only 10% of caregivers used the partograph while conducting labour, and only few used it properly. The study found that the correct use of partograph may be restricted by training, time, and caregiver skill level. In many of the cases, literacy and numeracy are major problems to use it. Finally, the study concludes that the health workers requires training about partograph for the early identification of deviation from normal labour. (Neison et al.,2005) The partograph provides information about deviations from the normal progress of labor and about various abnormalities of maternal or fetal condition during labor. It may alters providers when a woman needs an intervention and which facilitates throughout evaluation of the effects of those interventions. (Fistula care., 2011). The partograph helps to reduce the time midwives spent on writing notes, while helps them to keep detailed and accurate records. It also allow them to provide an emotional support to the women in labour. Hence, the investigator who has done the research feels that it is very imperative to train the nurses working in maternity unit and to improve the knowledge and skill in the use of partograph. This would help the nurses to provide a comprehensive intrapartum care to the mothers in labour with early identification and prevention of complication arising during labour, So said that the partograph plays an important role in reducing the maternal mortality and morbidity due to labour. (Arez et al., 2009). In maternal health care, it is imperative that a skilled attendant be present at each delivery. According to WHO, a skilled attendant at birth is one of the most effective interventions to reduce maternal mortality. Among various interventions which have proven valuable in maternal health care is the partograph, which should be used in health facilities everywhere for monitoring labor and preventing complications. (Dangal., 2006). In a WHO multicenter trial conducted in southeast Asia which includes 35 484 women. The study shows that the introduction of the partograph during labor management significantly reduced both prolonged labor from 6.4 to 3.4 % of labors and the percentage of labors which requiring augmentation which is from 20.7 to 9.9% to 8.7 %, There was also a reduction in the mean number of vaginal examinations during labor probably leads to the drop in cases of postpartum sepsis by 59%. Improvement in maternal morbidity and fetal mortality which took place among both multiparous and nulliparous women. The participants in WHO trial agreed that the partogram improved the discipline communication about management of labor and freed midwives time, this may be an important element of the partograms success as more time can be devoted to ‘companionship’. The WHO trial points the way towards effective management of labor where reduced but timely intervention is the key to success. (James et al., 2011). Partographs are tools that allow labor progress to be graphically recorded and assessed visually . Partograph helps in early detection of abnormal progress of labour and are credited with decreasing rates of prolonged labor, oxytocin use, cesareans, and intrapartum morbidity or mortality as compared to regular care. Eventhen, partograph is not so used widely but only rarely in countires like U.S. A. A research team has made a partograph which is physiologically based for hospital use in assessing the labors of nulliparous women with spontaneous onset of labour. They shows that their tool greatly improves the outcome which in turn, optimize the safety of the mother and the fetus during labour. (Neal et al., 2011). A study conducted to evaluate the Partogram programme in the University Center of Health Science in Cameroon, Africa and Yaounde. It ia a retrospective study with 686 patients and a prospective study with 1045 patients . The institution which has this program shows that the perinatal mortality has been reduced by 10 deaths per 1000 births because of use of partograph and it provides accurate and reliable results for early identification of abnormal labor. About two-thirds of the morbidity and mortality related to labour and 72% of deliveries with medical or surgical conditions has also occurred in the clinical area where the labor curve crossed the action line in the partograph. (Drouin et al., 1979). STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND SKILL REGARDING PARTOGRAPH AMONG MULTIPURPOSE HEALTH WORKERS IN SELECTED MATERNITY CENTRES IN COIMBATORE. OBJECTIVES To assess the level of knowledge, attitude and skill regarding partograph among multipurpose health workers in selected maternity centres. To identify the effect of structured teaching programme on knowledge, attitude and skill among multipurpose health workers in maternity centres. To associate the findings with demographic variables. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME Refers to a well planned instruction which is designed to improve knowledge, attitude and skill. KNOWLEDGE It refers to the actual understanding of Mutipurpose health workers on partograph as elicited by knowledge questionnaire. SKILL It refers to the ability to use partograph which is assessed by using checklist. ATTITUDE It refers to the belief of the multipurpose health workers towards partograph. PARTOGRAM The progress of labour depicted in the form of graphs. LABOUR The process of child birth. HYPOTHESIS H1: There will be a significant difference in the knowledge level of multipurpose health workers regarding partograph before and after administration of Planned Teaching Programme. H2: There will be a significant difference in the attitude level of multipurpose health workers regarding partograph before and after administration of Planned Teaching Programme. H3: There will be a significant difference in the skill level of multipurpose health workers regarding partograph before and after administration of Planned Teaching Programme. ASSUMPTION Multipurpose health workers may have previous knowledge on partogram. Planned Teaching programme will enhance the level of knowledge ,skill and attitude among Multipurpose health workers. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A conceptual framework or models is a set of concepts, assumptions, principles and rules which provides an outline for conducting research. Thus the investigator adopted Donabedian’s Program Evaluation Model (1982). Avedis Donabedian a physician and health services researcher at theUniversity of Michigan, developed the original model in 1966. This model consists of three aspects such as structure, process and outcome. 1. Structure: Structure includes all the factors that affect the context in which care is delivered. It includes infrastructure, equipments, supplies, manpower etc. In this present study the infrastructure is the selected corporation maternity centres in Coimbatore where the teaching has been taken place. Equipments and supplies are the audio visuals aids used for teaching (pamphlet handout). The human resources are the multipurpose health workers 2. Process: It is the activities carried out with the help of structure to achieve the outcome. In this study, it is the structured teaching program regarding partograph done by the investigator with pamphlet and handout. Outcome: It is the result of execution of the process through the structure. In this study, the outcome is the improvement in knowledge, attitude and skill regarding partograph among multipurpose health workers. If the outcome is positive, it ensures that both the structure and process is functioning effectively. In this study the result shows that the teaching has improved the knowledge, attitude and skill regarding partograph among multipurpose health workers.

The Indigenous Populations In Trinidad History Essay

The Indigenous Populations In Trinidad History Essay The Spanish colonization of Trinidad began through Christopher Columbus. Columbus was born to a weaver in the year 1451; he began sailing in the early 1470s. During the days of Columbus, gold was very limited and it was believed that the wealth of a nation would be determined by the amount of gold its economy owned. He made his third voyage in the year 1498, with the sponsorship and the approval from Spanish monarchy in return for the title of lands and a great percentage of profits from his voyage. His voyage was an attempt to provide evidence to support his theory that the world was round, and he would be able to reach the Indies (located in the east) easier and faster by sailing in a westward direction. He wanted to sail to the Indies to acquire the immense riches he heard of in India, and return the wealth to the Spanish monarchy. The Spanish believed that it would be profitable to trade with India because they had precious gold and immense riches because of their resources. Howe ver in his attempt to reach the Indies it was at this point he rediscovered Trinidad, unfortunately he believed that he had reach India for the Spanish had no prior knowledge of the Americas. On July 31st the island of Trinidad was then claimed to the crown in this year and it stayed in the rulings of the Spanish until the year 1797. Upon Columbus arrival in Trinidad he was amazed that this theory was indeed right and that he had reached India. He immediately examined the native people with the biases eyes of his European nature. He recognized the indigenous people to be good factors of production (labour). Columbus also acknowledged that the Caribs were violent people but they seemed healthy and intelligent and would make good slaves to the queen. However the native saw the Spaniard as Gods because of their white skin complexion, so they immediately welcomed them. The native worshiped, served and granted the desires of the Spanish. They believed in doing so, the Gods as they called the Spanish would be pleased of them, and they would be richly blessed. Columbus entered Trinidad for reasons such as mercantilism, colonialism, and to expand their religion of Christianity upon the native people claiming titles and profits for the Spanish monarchy. The population of Trinidad was mainly comprised of two sets of indigenous tribes known as the Amerindians, recorded from written history; they were called the Tainos and the Kalinagos. They were known as the Arawaks and Caribs respectively, these names given by the Europeans. The Arawaks began to settle in Trinidad around 250BC. They arrived from the Orinoco region and were much more advance than the earlier settlers. The Arawaks were great hunters and farmers for the purpose of sustaining their food needs. Their religion had a selective mixture representing nature worship, ancestor worship and protective magic. They adorned themselves with mixtures of colored dye smeared in pattern on their bodies also with hanging ornaments. They created their own crafts and weapons using simple elements of nature. They developed small temporary village societies; their houses were round with steep thatched roofs. The Arawaks portrayed honesty, sympathy, generosity and put others before themselves. They were considered to be a little more civilized and humane than the Caribs. The Caribs arrived in Trinidad after the Arawaks around AD 1000. They also journeyed through the Orinoco region. Eventually they had great control of the entire Lesser Antilles. The Caribs aggressive by nature, the Europeans falsely address them as human flesh eaters. Their lifestyles were stemmed from the former settlers of Trinidad, the Arawaks. They adopted traits form the Arawaks, which made them very similar to the Arawaks. They were described from the Europeans to be taller, stronger and more beautiful than the Arawaks. The Caribs diet was similar to the Arawaks but they had more protein in their diet. They relied less on cassava and maize because they were excellent fishers. Their religions were similar to the Arawaks, as well as, the way they adorn themselves with dye smeared on their body. The Carib houses being woven thatch, they looked like beehives. Their social organizations were different from the Arawaks the males were separated from the females and were thought warrio r training. The Arawaks had no segregation. These traits uniquely represented the ethnicities cultures and lifestyles of the indigenous people of Trinidad. The Amerindians were simple, peaceful and free-willed humans. During Columbus conquest of Trinidad, the physiological destruction of the native came, by forcing the natives to accept the Roman Catholicism as the only acceptable religion and enforcing the role of slaves because the Amerindians were seen as subhuman. The physical destruction of the natives was also accomplished by the Spanish through exploitation of the native tribes for labour. They brought new diseases to the island which the indigenous people were vulnerable to, even hunting the native as a means of entertainment was done by the Spanish who adopted the hidalgo class attitude. The worth and essence of native races were destroyed through miscegenation. The Spaniards fought and killed the men of the tribes for their females because they came without wives. These cruel and malevolent changes which the Spanish imposed on the natives led to the decimation of the indigenous populations in Trinidad. The religion of the Spanish, Roman Catholicism remains the largest Christian denomination and the single largest grouping in the nation. Following the success of Columbus voyage the Spanish monarchy secured the religious title of Trinidad and by extension the entire western hemisphere. The Spaniards were convinced that if they could change the religious view of an individual to their religion Christianity, they would have great power or great control on the individual. They also believed that service to God was the sole legitimate purpose of all human beings and once their religion was delivered to the world, the Spanishs empire would be very pleased and powerful. The Spanish leaders regarded the right of the native mainly because they werent of Christianity and brutally enforced the religion of Roman Catholicism on the native. They made the religion mandatory, forbidding the natives to practice their own religious rituals and anything of Amerindian nature. The Spanish destroyed thei r zemis and places of worship which the native build to practice their rituals. Objection to the Spanish religion would result in extreme punishment or possible death. The force of Christianity impacted negatively on the natives for a huge amount of the population was killed in a short time also their unique cultures were slowly vanished. Despite the queens attempt to treat the natives fairly according to her Christian faith, she understood that force labour was necessary for the development of the country. The Repartimiento system was soon introduced by Columbus and was further developed to the Encomiendas systems. These systems were accepted and passed by the house of Castile. The system would distribute the natives in groups and submit them to wealthy Spaniards for the purpose of labour. The masters were to ensure the protection, civilization, payment and conversation of the natives passed by the Burgos law in return for their labour. However the masters completely ignored the crown. The native were made official slaves through the system of the Encomiendas. The Encomonderos (the masters) saw the system as a venue to produce force labour without paying any wages therefore gaining in a lot of profits for themselves. The native were unfamiliar with the harsh working conditions of the Encomiendas system, compared to t heir former lifestyle. The natives believed that the Gods were displeased, and they were being punished for their wrong doings. They began to commit suicide, infanticide and ran away instead of submitting their self and their infants to the Encomonderos. Through the extreme conditions of the masters daily labour, working the farms in the hot sun for long hours. This brought a number of deaths. Working the gold mines with extreme beatings and heavy loads also brought loss. As a result the native had little time and strength to attend to their own gardens (Conucos) which provided them with food to sustain the life of their families and themselves. The Spaniards also allowed their animals to trample and eat the produce of the native leading them to starvation. The Encomiendas system was the result of legal deaths of a vast amount of the indigenous people through starvation and physical strain of labour. Another major reason which caused the genocide of the native was the Smallpox and measles. These two diseases are the most famous diseases, brought to the indigenous people by the Spanish deliberate intension to kill the natives. They offered the natives blankets infected with smallpox. These diseases had a major influence on the decrease in population. Several tribes and villages had been completely killed out to extinct because they were unknowledgeable and unequipped to immune themselves of these new, strange diseases. Additionally, hunting and killing the native as a means of sport or entertainment to the Spanish significantly supported the genocide of the natives. They used steel swords, tipped pikes and cross-bows, they also used armor-covered horses and dogs because they had knowledge the native were very fearful of those large animal. They allowed the bloodhounds to tear there victims to pieces and the horses to trample over the natives. The Spaniards competed on their horses to cut off a native head with just one stroke and run their swords through the body and out the other side of the natives. They drown the native babies by dropping them of cliffs into rivers. The Nobbles and Chiefs of the Spaniards had the privilege to burn the native to death for this practice was reserved for their personal pleasure. The natives had simple weapons such as bows and arrows, stone clubs and wooden spears which were no match compared to the weapons of the Spanish. The Spaniards had great advantage over the natives. The native suffered severely at the hand of the Spanish. These cruel practices lead to several deaths of the indigenous population in Trinidad. Furthermore miscegenation was the factor which caused the value of races of the native to become abolished. On Columbus third voyage he was only able to gather mostly soldiers who fought in the battle to defeat the Moorish kingdom and criminal. These Spaniards were interested in adventure and had no concerns or regards for the natives. They came without their wives and began to seek interest in the female Amerindians. The Spanish began to take the females of the native tribes as their own. The Amerindian men were very displeased so they rebelled against the Spanish. The Spanish, being at the advantage with their weapons and animals quickly defeated the Amerindians attempt to protect their females. The Spanish exceeded once again in their horrible acts against the native and had their way. Soon after new form of races and cultures were introduced, a mixture of Spanish and Amerindian decent. Thus the rich values of the Amerindians races and cultures were slowly faded. Although the Spanish colonization mostly affected the natives negatively, they did also bring with them some positive contributions. The Spanish introduce technological development, with this new technology they learned to build advance ships and to use nautical instruments for navigation on their journeys. Crops such as banana, wheat, rice, coffee and olive where introduce to the natives through the Spanish. They cultivated many lands and harvest abundantly. Trinidad was recognized for their success in the development of its plantation economy and its mass production. The Spanish also imported their animals such as chickens, pigs, horses, cows and dogs. These animals were a factor of production for both labour support and produce. The animals also give Trinidad a variety in its animal species. The term colonization refers to the inhabitation, maintenance and expansion of colonies of an area from persons of a different area. In this context the Spanish certainly colonized Trinidad. Regrettably the Spanish colonization did undoubtedly cause the decimation of the indigenous population of Trinidad almost too extinct. This process started with the entry of Christopher Columbus and his crew members. The Spanish had obtained a greed to gain power and riches overall and lead the worlds economy. They also had a passion to convert the souls of others or heathens to the form of Christianity by any means possible. They believed it was their purpose for life on earth. They made their religion compulsory for the natives. They invaded the territories of the native and control them regardless of their persistent rejection. They made them slaves for their selfish need to obtain power and most of the natives were killed it the defensive wars to keep their freedom. They brought strange disea ses and hunted them for entertainment; they also caused miscegenation and therefore the native cultures and races slowly became nonexistent. Indeed the colonization is the cause of the extermination of the indigenous population of Trinidad.

Baseball Positions :: Sports, Pitcher, Catcher

In the game of Baseball there are nine fielding positions. Each position is associated with a scorekeepers’ numerical number (from 1-9) to be used in scoring putouts. Each player has a special job associated with that position to help the team win. The game’s most important positions are the pitcher and the catcher. They are what the team revolves around and are called the â€Å"battery.† The pitcher’s position is known numerically as number (1) and the catcher’s is number (2). They control the tempo and intensity of the game. The pitcher’s job is to deliver the ball to home plate, keep the ball in the strike zone, and retire the batter by strike out, force out or fly ball. He must also field his position by catching pop flies, charging bunts, and back up the first baseman or catcher when necessary. He must have stamina and strong nerves. The catcher controls the speed of the game. His job is to give signals to the pitcher on what pitches to throw, block the plate from balls getting by him and tag runners out at the plate. He also has to calm the pitcher down whenever he feels it’s necessary. His job is by far the most difficult. No other defensive position requires more concentration and wears a player down mentally and physically, as does that of the catcher. He must be tough, have a strong arm and quick reflexes. These two players make the game happen. The infield has many positions; it has the first baseman (number 3), second baseman (number 4), third basemen (number 5), and the short stop (number 6). The first baseman and second baseman control the right side of the infield and the third baseman and shortstop control the left side of the infield. If a ball is hit to the third baseman and he fields it and throws it to the first baseman, it is recorded as a (5-3) out. If the second baseman fields a ball and throws it to the shortstop covering second base, who throws it to the first baseman, it is recorded as a (4-6-3) double play. The first baseman must be agile, quick and have the ability to set a good target. He will catch the balls that are hit to him, thrown to him, must scoop up ground balls, and tag first base for the out. He may have to charge a bunted ball, catch a pop fly ball, and throw to other bases to get lead runner out.

west side stadium :: essays research papers

West Side Stadium   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a lot of controversy over the plans for a new West Side stadium. The mayor says the stadium is necessary to win the honor of being the Host City for the 2012 Olympics. The stadium will also be home of the Jets. His opinion is that the stadium would do nothing but good for the city despite criticism from people saying the money should be added to the education budget. I believe the stadium should be built.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One thing that the stadium would do that I feel is important is that if we were to get the Olympics it would give the world something besides 9/11 when they think of New York. That is very important to me because I am tired of every time I’m on a trip some one telling me there sorry when they find out I live in New York. The money the Olympics will bring into the city will also be pretty substantial. It could really help to boost the economy. There will be many wealthy people visiting the city, some for the very first time. Athletes but trainers, hardcore fans, camera crews and reporters from all over the world. Their personal spending alone will probably add up to at least a million dollars. The West Side stadium is a terrific idea for a lot of other reasons as well. The West Side stadium project will create hundreds of jobs bringing down the unemployment rate. Which is especially good in a city that has had an on going problem with its unemployment rate. The West Side Stadium will also put an end to the monopoly that cablevision has over sports entertainment in this city. The same company that funds the ads bad mouthing the mayor and the plans for a West Side Stadium.

New Product Development and Nestle

INTRODUCTION Nestle is a company that is operating in food and beverage market. In the last decade nestle is a leading nutrition and health corporation that promise a safe and high quality product to its customers. The company illustrates a significant profit ratio and therefore nestle become a role model for those companies that want to be successful. As a result this report is illustrating why and how nestle have achieved a superior performance VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OPERATION First of all the company have a operation in all around the world which means that they achieve an economy of scale.Apart from this minor information in terms of product offering the company are currently developing a products that are requiring a similar tangible and intangible resources. As a result they are exchanging production equipment and workers between factories. So we can easily say that nestle are also achieving an economy of scope. In addition to this, capacity are being utilized by the department. Apart from those economic terms their labor are being highly trained and therefore they are highly specialized about what they are doing which also resulting in an another efficiency at the operational activities.Moreover the department are frequently adapting its latest technologies that is reducing labor input and increasing its automation and mechanism of operations. However nestle brand express a quality and safety products to its customers. So its clear that the company company are not reducing its cost by buying a low quality raw materials and this means that they have integrated differentiation and low cost leadership strategy. We can easily conclude that this department are producing output much more efficiently than its competitors. MARKETING AND SALESThe company is heavily investing on research and development. For instance according to resources they invest 1. 5 million on this department every year. For example they employ more than 3 500 people and those employees are h ighly motivated labors that is helping nestle to adapt its dynamic and fast changing environment. In other words labors have a huge contribution to nestle to provide a new products quickly to its market. For example the employees latest innovation is pleelable ice cream which is a product that has a rich creamy flavor of a regular ice cream.However it also contains a low fat in comparison to other brands . In addition to this the department have also invented a interesting flavors to this ice cream. Apart from this their research team have also found a actobacillas that contains a oriobitic agent which is improving human body’s immune system. As a result they are trying to inject actobacillas to their yogurt brand . employees also reported that actobillac is not changing the texture of yogurt. As a result those examples clearly illustrates that how well the company is adapting to its socio cultural environment.As tidd and bessant illustrates the importance of product innovati on by stating that(2009 p6)†new product development is an important capability because the environment is constantly changing. Shift in the socioeconomic field create opportunities and constraints . Legislation may open up new pathways or close down others for example, increasing the requirements for environmentally friendly products. Competitors may introduce new product which represent a major threat to existing market positions. In all these ways firms need the capability to respond through product innovation†.Apart from innovation capabilities the company employee are also illustrating an effective performance in the international market. For example they are spending three days with the people that are living in the country that the corporation are planning to make an investment for this reason they are understanding their purchasing habits and motivations and therefore they are developing a product that is appealing to its people. In addition to this employees are also monitoring how consumers consider their brands in other words they are investigating if consumers are recognizing the values that the corporation is trying to convey.So we can easily conclude that research department is one of the main factor that nestle is being successful in the market. INBOUND AND OUTBOUND LOGISTIC The most striking feature of inbound and outbound logistic are that the company does not use middle firm to its warehousing and distributing its products. Nestle international partner have their own distribution centre’s and warehouses in other words they are kind of integrated forwardly. In that way they are ensuring that all frozen products are remaining quality to its retailers.As a result of this the inbound and outbound chains are running efficiently and therefore its not increasing its cost. Apart from this nestle also provide a special equipment for some of its products to its retailers. For example all retailers have a special freezers for nestle ic e creams the reason that they are providing this equipment cause nestle want to also ensure that products are remaining quality and undamaged to its customers. So we can easily concluded that the corporation are really effective to keep products quality while transiting to its retailers and also to its customers.PROCEREMENT The corporation promises high quality product to its customers and therefore supplying a quality materials are important. They don’t use vertical integration strategy instead they have a long term perfect relationships with its suppliers. In other words supplier power is not strong which means that they are all time providing a high quality materials at a reasonable price. In addition this farmers whom are supplying raw materials to the company are being supported by nestle research department.The company researchers and scientists are working together with its suppliers. For example the department are helping farmers to implement their findings to the raw materials and as a result nestle is supplying all time quality products. Apart from increasing quality of raw materials nestle is also supporting sustainability in the supply of raw materials for example. The company has a more than 500 hundred agromist technical advisor and field technicians that are providing a assistance to its farmers.Above all the company has a power to acquire its suppliers and clearly it requires a significant investment which also increases the exist barriers of industry. However by being a close and excellent relationship with its farmers they are ensuring the quality of raw materials. HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT HRM employees are frequently measures the employees performance and this measurement is resulting in an rewards. In addition to this they are providing an effective training programs to its employees. As a result human resource department are being unsure that they are attracting top employees in the industry.For this reason they are adapting to new environment conditions and the firm innovating new products faster than its competitors. TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Needless to say that nestle are using the latest technologies in all value chain activities. But most striking feature of the technological analysis is that nestle are using its latest technology in order to study and adapt to fast changing business environment. So we can easily conclude that they are investing and closely monitoring the technological and its wider environment frequently.NESTLE BUSINESS AND CORPORATE LEVEL STRATEGIES Clearly corporation’s general growth strategies are divided in to two categories which are concentrating on the existing industry and diversification. CONCENTRATION The company was being considered as a technology led corporation however changing social and cultural environment lead them to become a science driven nutrition health and wellness company. At the moment the market is dominated by extremely large companies so nestle can not drive out competition by using its aggressive promotional and pricing strategy.Instead they are using other market penetration strategies suchas effective advertising methods and special promotions. However the most striking feature of the strategy in the existing market is that innovation. For example they are frequently working on scientific innovations to make their current products more healthier and contains low fat. As it mentioned in value chain analysis tasty low fat ice cream is an perfect example about how company is concentrating on the existing industry by innovating its existing products.As a result of those kind of actions they are selling more things to same people but at the same time they also are targeting and attracting its new people. Apart from combining market development and product development strategy in the anosoff matrix tool European and American food industry are illustrates a strong threat of entry and there are a lot of substitute of products which is resulting in a strong buyer power. As a result nestle have perceived this market as a flat and highly competitive and therefore they are setting is sighs on new markets in order to enhance their profitability.In other words they are investing highly on emerging markets for example eastern Europe asia and latin America that have a perfect potential to improve their profit ratios with their current products. However the most striking feature of the nestle international strategy is that Nestle are entering those markets through the takeovers and joint venture. This means that they are benefiting from local managers knowledge about culture language pestel and business systems and this clearly resulting in a faster adaptation to its environmental change.Moreover they are also taking over the companies that they have a perfect background. According to resources the company is investigating the local companies carefully and they are picking the firm that have a perfect reputation in th at way the company is ensuring that it is not damaging the nestle image. So its clear that they are using locally sourced raw materials and this means that they are facilitating their factories in those nations that they are selling its products to its customers As a result they are aiming of creating a share value to its all stakeholders.The reason that they are creating a shared value for all shareholders that they are because The company found that creating a long term value for the countries in which they are marketing its products are helping them to making a more profit. So we can easily conclude that the company are highly concentrate on their existing products and in term of its international strategy nestle are using right way to be successful. RELATED DIVERSIFICATION Nestle have been increasing the variety in the distinctive products that they are offering.In other words they are using its related and unrelated diversification strategies. However the company is mainly usin g its related diversification. For instance. The company has a well known existing brands such as kitkat lion nesquick and nestea and as a result of this the company are using this existed well positioned brands in the other sectors. for example kitkat is a chocolate but last year nestle create a kitkat ice cream(or nestle creal and crealbars) and in that way they are not creating new brands in order to extent their products and this clearly creates many benefits.The most striking feature of the benefit is that nestle is achieving an incredible cost saving in terms of building a brand . In addition to this they are also operating within the existing operation capabilities which means that they are exploiting an economies of scope For example they are sharing technologies employees and even advertising campaigns between different businesses units. As bymike w. peng illustrates the benefits of related diversification by stated that(2009,p315)†firms benefit from declining unit co sts by leveraging product relatedness.The sources of operational synergy can be technologies(such as common platforms)marketing(such as common brands) and manufacturing(such as common logistics). As a result of this strategy clearly they are achieving a superior performance in the market because of the fact that related diversification strategy is considerably helping them to integrate its differentiation and low cost leadership strategy. Conclusion Above all nestle is operating in the highly competitive market.In addition to this other environmental factors are also changing fastly. However nestle is a company that is using its highest technology as well as employing top employees in the environment. For this reason they have a perfect ability to adapt to its environmental change. For example the company have an outstanding research and development department. Apart from this success criteria the corporation is also significantly reducing its cost by using its effective operational strategies and its related diversification.So we can easily conclude that nestle has achieved an superior performance because they have a perfect ability to innovate interms of its operation product service and its businesses processes as well as they have a right strategy in the international markets. ( e. q creating a share value and entry methods) REFERENCE LIST MANAGING INNOVATION JOE TIDD AND JOHN BESSANT 4TH EDITION JOHN WILER AND SONS,LTD Global strategic management mike w. peng second edition south western cengage learning

Idealism: Education and Character Development Essay

Educational Aims In an idealistic education system emphasis should be placed on developing the mind, personal discipline, and character development. A person should be literate and of good moral character. Educational Methods Idealist education involves depth of learning, a holistic approach that involves teaching the whole rather than its parts. The best method of learning for Plato was the dialectic, a process where ideas are put into battle against each other, with the most significant idea winning the battle. Knowledge was not important just for the material needs that it met. Idealists would feel that much of the great literature of the past would be useful in the solving many of today’s problems. The idealist is not concerned with turning out students with technical skills so much as having students with a broad view and understanding of the world in which they live. Idealism emphasizes the role of the teacher, a skillful questioner, who should be a model for the person we want children to become. While the lecture method is still important in an idealist’s education system, it is considered more of a way to convey information and to help students comprehend ideas. Self realization and self education are very important in idealism. While teachers cannot always be present when learning occurs, they must attempt to stimulate students so that learning occurs even when they are not present. Project based learning is on example of a self directed learning activity where learning can occur without a teacher’s presence. Curriculum The important factor in education at any level for idealists is teaching children to think. Teachers should help students to explore texts for ideas about the purposes of life, family the nature of peer pressures, and the problems of growing up. Idealists believe that ideas can change lives and that classical literature can be used and explored to help solve problems in today’s world. Creativity will be encouraged when students immerse themselves in the creative thinking of others and when they are encouraged to reflect. Role of the Teacher Since idealists believe in character development, they also believe that the teacher should be a role model for students to emulate. Teaching is considered a moral calling. The teacher’s role is to be a skillful questioner who encourages students to think and ask more questions in an environment that is suitable for learning. Critiques of Idealism Idealism has been influential in education for a considerable amount of time. It is considered a conservative philosophy because of its emphasis in preserving cultural traditions. The strengths of idealism include encouraging thinking and cognition, promoting cultural learning, and providing for character development of students. Teachers are considered valuable parts of the educational process who should strive to provide a comprehensive, systematic, and holistic approach to learning that stresses self realization. Science today has challenged idealism and brought about challenges to idealistic principles. Science is based on hypothesis and tentativeness, but idealism promotes a finished and absolute universe waiting to be discovered. Idealism has often been linked with traditional religion. The weakening of religion has led to the weakening of idealism as a philosophy. Through Plato’s ruler kings, and Augustine’s emphasis on the monastic life, it has been said that idealism leads to intellectual elitism. In the past, education was considered important for the upper classes of society, marking education as a luxury. Vocational and technical studies were considered good enough for the general public. Idealistic education was considered bookish and lacking relevance. It is argued that the character development aspect of the philosophy involved conformity and subservience on the part of the learner. This type of character development was considered to stifle creativity and self direction, making students gullible and ready to accept ideas without serious examination. Personal Observations The emphasis on the importance of knowledge and ideas in the idealist philosophy originally led me to believe that much of my philosophy of education included idealistic tendencies. James Madison’s quote that knowledge is power, which sits front and center on my class webpage, seems to agree with this premise. Because I believe strongly in project based education as a way to have students discover and learn new information, I also began to view the idealism in my thinking. However, as much as I value these things and continue to believe in the importance of continually gaining knowledge, the fact that I view science and technology as a valued part of all education, sets me apart from the philosophy. While the idealist considered science and technical studies good enough for the general public, I consider them an integral part of any education. However I do believe in the importance of teaching children to think, for not doing so results in children with book learning and no common sense. Should teachers be role models? Yes, I think they should. If I were an adult with no children, I might think differently. However as a parent, I have always been greatly concerned with the people who were my children’s teachers. Teachers have the power to influence the thinking and ideas of children and society in general. Even given regimented curricula to teach, teachers ultimately make decisions everyday about what information to emphasize or deemphasize. I think society also believes that teachers should be role models. Consider the uproar over teachers who have inappropriate relations with the students they teach.

Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Paper Essay

The core concepts of nursing theories are the building blocks of any nursing theory model, which include the fundamentals views of person, environment, health and nursing. Incorporating the general ideologies of nursing principles and practice, the four concepts display the way nursing examines and treat persons within the nursing continuum. While these four concepts are interdepended with one another, each one stems from the formation of the idea that comes before. These concepts guides nurses in their everyday practices. According to Brilowski and Wendler (2005), nurses embody the ideas as they assess, plan, and deliver care. This paper will identify the core concepts from theorist Jean Watson and Sister Callista Roy, as well as comparing the two theories and how nursing’s implication and application to nursing practice is based on them. Nursing has been based on the practice of delivering care, insuring the welfare of humans and assisting them in meeting their needs whilst providing education on how to care for themselves. Accountability lies with the nursing profession that they promote good health, disease prevention, and providing care to the ill and dying patient. Nursing has been known to be an art as well as a science that is ever evolving. Science, theories and nursing practice has been the foundation to elevating nursing as a profession. Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model (RAM) implies that nursing is a scientific discipline that focuses on practice (Andrews & Roy, 1991). RAM describes nursing as the promotion of adaptation and health that involves intervention; the fifth step of the nursing process that describes the best method to support the patient in reaching their goals. According to Andrews and Roy (1991), Roy’s nursing objective is â€Å"the promotion of adaptation in each of the four modes, thereby contributing to the person’s health, quality of life and dying with  dignity†. Nurses need to discover ways to maintain a compassionate practice regardless of the professional difficulties and Jean Watson’s caring theory is key to obtaining this goal. Jean Watson (1988) shares nursing as a social science of human health and disease experiences adjudicated by scientific, professional, personal, esthetic, and ethical personal care communications. According to Watson (1988), working as an artist is characteristic of the nurse’s role, and is a crucial part of providing care to patients and their families. The goal of nursing is health promotion, disease prevention, caring for the sick and the restoration of health (Watson, 1988). Watson goes on to say that holistic care is crucial to the practice of the caring nurse. Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring also known as The Caring Model has gone through revisions since its origination in 1979. Watson’s principles of theory are the carative factors, which include the transpersonal caring relationship, and the caring moment (2001). Watson constructed the model in order to define nursing as a well-developed profession, which emphasizes on quality and caring. She proceeds to introduce seven assumptions about the science of caring and theorizes that caring encompasses carative factors with the intent sequel to be fulfilling to specific personal needs, which support s health, and personal/family growth. According to Watson (1988), the science of caring compliments the science of curing in which the practice of caring is fundamental to nursing. According to Watson (2014), transpersonal caring relationships are the foundation and send a â€Å"concern for the inner life world and subjective meaning of another who is fully embodied†. Watson (2014), â€Å"transpersonal seeks to connect with and embrace the spirit or soul of the other through the process of caring and healing and being in authentic relation, in the moment†. Transpersonal caring calls for the nurse to be genuine, and in the moment and have the ability to focus on caring, healing and wholeness rather than on the disease and illness (Watson, 2014). The link between nursing and caring can heal due to increased knowledge, experience and purposeful contact. This contact describes how the nurse transcends a neutral evaluation, and the expression of interest towards an individual’s personal and profound essence relating to his/her own personal health. According to Watson (2001) the providing person and the person receiving care connect in support of pursuing meaning, wholeness, and possibly for the spiritual  existence of suffering. The focus of transpersonal caring is to conserve, improve, and sustain the morality of an individual’s humanism, integrity and tranquility. Watson uses the carative factors as a standard for nursing’s concentration and applies the expression carative factors to differentiate from traditional medicine’s curative factors. The emphasis of her carative factors is to â€Å"honor the social dimensions of nursing’s work and the inner life world and subjective experiences of the people we serve† (Watson, 1997b). â€Å"Whereas curative factors aim at curing the patient of disease, carative factors aim at the caring process that helps the person attain (or maintain) health or die a peaceful death† (Watson, 1985, p. 7). Watson’s framework on the science of caring is constructed around ten carative factors, and benefits nurses with the delivery of care to patients. Jean’s first three Caritas sets the theoretical tone for the science of cari ng and lays the foundation for the remaining seven processes. The humanistic-altruistic system of values is crucial to the nursing process and toward the maturation of nurses. Instilling hope and faith to the patient is a vital component to the caring and curing model. When a patient education has run its course, what is left is instilling hope and faith in order to cultivate a sense of wellness, which may become instrumental to them. The nurturing of information to oneself and others examines the nurses’ need to initiate experiences and emotions as it displays. When nurses practice sensitivity, it brings on a more genuine and trustworthy impression, which motivates self-maturity and self-actualization. So as nurses who articulate person-to-person relationships, health and sophisticated behavior is promoted. Good communication skills which entails verbal and non-verbal as well as listening, exhibits a caring personality and creates caring and rapport with the patient. The ability to acknowledge affirmative and negative connotations increases level of understanding and the awareness of such emotions helps understand the behavior that is being conveye d. Watson (1990) insinuates that feelings modify thoughts and behaviors for deliberation and allowance in a caring connection. She continues to elevate the individual character of nursing and advocates the necessity to evaluate and formulate further methods of practice to implement a holistic approach. The caring nurse should also include an emphasis on the learning process in addition to teaching. When a nurse can accept and understand a person’s  attitude regarding his/her status, it lends the ability of the nurse to create a cognitive plan. While considering the requirements for a caring, protecting, and curative emotional, physical, socio-cultural, and spiritual environment, Watson segregates the factor into two variables; internal and external interdependent. Nurses utilize these variables in an effort to gain support and protection for the person’s emotional and physical well-being. Offering assistance of fulfilling the human need is a hierarchy of need that is com parable to Maslow. Watson constructed a hierarchy that is important to the science of caring and for the quality of nursing care whilst promoting optimal health. The way in which human existence comprehends each other allows the nurse to incorporate and reconcile inconsistencies of how the perception of the person as a holistic being, while focusing on the hierarchical arrangement. This enables the nurse to assist the patient in discovering strengths and courage when facing life or death. At the moment of caring, the nurse and the patient connect in such a way that creates an opportunity for humanistic caring (Watson, 1985). Both persons connect exclusively in a person-to-person interaction. Watson (1999) eludes to the fact that caring time becomes transpersonal when it affirms the appearance of the spirit of both and the opportunity to expand the confines of openness and personal capabilities transpires. An individual is identified as a person who has biophysical, psychophysical, psychosocial and intrapersonal needs that requires respect and care. Watson (1988) lends an explanation that a person is an existence within the world that embraces three realms of being, mind, body, and soul that is inspired by the self-concept, and who is free to make choices. Spirituality upholds a leading importance in the nursing profession and ascertains that the care of the soul is the most prominent characteristic in the art of nursing (Watson, 1997a). In conclusion, the concept of nursing as a science that is the culmination of personal behaviors, practices, proficiency, and experiences through a holistic approach. This approach enables the nurse to develop an approach that is effective in providing optimal care. Implementation of The Roy Adaptation Model enhances the role of nurses by clarifying and increasing interdisciplinary involvement. Watson’s theory encourages nurses to base their nursing process on her caring model and implement the art of caring by providing compassionate care. Caring out the delivery of Watson’s theory  will augment the nursing process and the delivery of care that are both gratifying and stimulating. References Andrews, H., & Roy, C. (1991). The Adaptation Model. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange. Brilowski, G., & Wendler, M. (2005). An evolutionary concept analysis of caring. Journal of Advance Nursing, 50(6), 641-650. Watson, J. (1985). Nursing: Human Science and Human Care, a Theory of Nursing. Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Watson, J. (1988). Nursing: Human Science and Human Care. A Theory of Nursing (2nd printing). Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Watson, J. (1990). Caring knowledge and informed moral passion. Advances in Nursing Science, 13(1), 15-24. Watson, J. (1997a). Artistry of caring: Heart and soul of nursing. In D., Marks-Maran & P. Rose (Eds.), Nursing: Beyond art and sciences. Boulder, CO: Colorado Associated University Press. Watson, J. (1997b). The theory of human caring: Retrospective and prospective. Nursing Science Quarterly, 10(1), 49-52. Watson, J. (2001). Jean Watson: Theory of human caring. In M.E. Parker (Ed.) Nursing theories and nursing practice. Philadel phia, PA: Davis. Watson, J. (2014). Caring Science Theory and Research. Retrieved from http://watsoncaringscience.org